Ecosystem services are the benefits that ecosystems provide to human beings, including provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services. In urban contexts, these services contribute to improving air quality, regulating temperature, managing water, and enhancing human well-being.

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Nature-Based Solutions are actions that protect, sustainably manage, or restore natural and modified ecosystems, addressing societal challenges such as climate change, water management, and urban health. These solutions generate co-benefits for biodiversity, human well-being, and territorial resilience.

International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2020). Global standard for nature-based solutions: A user-friendly framework for the verification, design and scaling up of NbS. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.

Urban sustainability is a development approach that seeks to balance the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of the city to ensure the quality of life of present and future generations. It involves promoting responsible resource use, reducing environmental impacts, and creating more equitable, healthy, and efficient urban environments.

Peter Newman, & Isabella Jennings. (2008). Cities as sustainable ecosystems: Principles and practices. Washington, DC: Island Press.